• An ecosystem is made up of the biotic (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) factors that affect it. The health of an ecosystem is directly related to water quality.
• Abiotic factors determine ecosystem type and its distribution of plants and animals as well as the usage of land by people. Abiotic factors include water supply, topography, landforms, geology, soils, sunlight, and air quality/O2 availability.
• Human activities can alter abiotic components and thus accelerate or decelerate natural processes. For example, people can affect the rate of natural erosion. Plowing cropland can cause greater erosion, while planting trees can prevent it. Flood protection/wetland loss is another example.
• A watershed is the land that water flows across or through on its way to a stream, lake, wetland, or other body of water. Areas of higher elevations, such as ridgelines and divides, separate watersheds.
• The three major regional watershed systems in Virginia lead to the Chesapeake Bay, the North Carolina sounds, or the Gulf of Mexico.
• River systems are made up of tributaries of smaller streams that join along their courses. Rivers and streams generally have wide, flat, border areas, called flood plains, onto which water spills out at times of high flow.
• Rivers and streams carry and deposit sediment. As water flow decreases in speed, the size of the sediment it carries decreases.
• Wetlands form the transition zone between dry land and bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or bays. Both tidal and nontidal wetlands perform important water quality functions, including regulating runoff by storing flood waters; reducing erosion by slowing down run-off; maintaining water quality by filtering sediments, trapping nutrients, and breaking down pollutants; and recharging groundwater. They also provide food and shelter for wildlife and fish and nesting and resting areas for migratory birds.
• Estuaries perform important functions, such as providing habitat for many organisms and serving as nurseries for their young.  The Chesapeake Bay is an estuary where fresh and salt water meet and are mixed by tides. It is the largest estuary in the contiguous United States and one of the most productive.
• Water quality monitoring is the collection of water samples to analyze chemical and/or biological parameters. Simple parameters include pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and the presence of macroinvertebrate organisms.
• comprehend and apply basic terminology related to watersheds.
• use topographic maps to determine the location and size of Virginia’s regional watershed systems.
• locate their own local watershed and the rivers and streams associated with it.
• design an investigation to model the effects of stream flow on various slopes.
• analyze and explain the functioning of wetlands and appraise the value of wetlands to humans.
• explain what an estuary is and why it is important to people.
• propose ways to maintain water quality within a watershed.
• explain the factors that affect water quality in a watershed and how those factors can affect an ecosystem.
• forecast potential water-related issues that may become important in the future.
• locate and critique a media article or editorial (print or electronic) concerning water use or water quality. Analyze and evaluate the science concepts involved.
• argue for and against commercially developing a parcel of land containing a large wetland area. Design and defend a land-use model that minimizes negative impact.
• measure, record, and analyze a variety of water quality indicators and describe what they mean to the health of an ecosystem