SOL PS.3 - Properties of Matter

PS.3 - Properties of Matter Physical Science Middle Home

SOL PS.3 Properties of matter - 2018 Standards
PS.3 The student will investigate and understand that matter has properties and is conserved in chemical and physical processes. Pure substances can be identified by their chemical and physical properties Pure substances can undergo physical and chemical changes that may result in a change of properties Compounds form through ionic and covalent bonding Balanced chemical equations model the conservation of matter Matter Matter consists of atoms held together by electromagnetic forces. Matter exists as different substances which can be utilized based on their properties. Different substances with different properties are suited to different uses. Physical Properties Matter exists in different physical states (phases) as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma . Measurements of a variety of properties can be used to identify matter . Physical properties of matter include temperature state color hardness texture odor mass volume density (mass/volume) conductivity luster (does it reflect light) malleability (can it be shaped by rolling or pounding) solubility (will it dissolve) melting point boiling point Density represents the relationship between the mass of the substance and its volume . Some physical properties, such as density, melting point, and boiling point are characteristic of a pure substance and do not depend on the size of the sample. These physical properties can be used to identify unknown pure substances (i.e., matter that consists only of one type of atom, molecule, or compound). Chemical Properties Chemical properties of matter include reactivity, combustibility (materials that ignite at high temperatures), flammability (materials that ignite at normal temperature), acidity/basicity Physical Changes No new substances are created during a physical change, although matter may take a different form. The size, shape, state, and color of matter may be modified. Examples of physical changes include (but are not limited to) ice cream melting, a diamond forming from carbon, and salt dissolving in water . Mixtures consist of two or more substances; however, the substances are not chemically combined. They can be separated by physical means. Chemical Changes Attraction and repulsion among electric charges at the atomic level explains the structure, properties, and transformations of matter. Elements combine in many ways to produce compounds that make up all other substances on Earth . Chemical changes include a rearrangement of the atoms of one or more substances, leading to the formation of at least one new substance with different chemical properties. Examples of chemical changes include (but are not limited to) rust forming on an iron nail burning wood cooking an egg. Chemical changes involve the breaking and making of chemical bonds. If the total energy required to break bonds in the reactants is more than the total energy released when new bonds are formed in the products, the reaction is endothermic. If the total energy required to break bonds in the reactants is less than the total energy released when new bonds are formed in the products, the reaction is exothermic. You should know the following terms and/or concepts physical properties vs chemical properties how to calculate densities of substances pure substances based on its physical and/or chemical properties a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy (endothermic) vs one that releases energy (exothermic) elements, compounds, and mixtures how to separate a mixture Ionic and Covalent Bonds To become chemically stable, the atoms of elements gain, lose, or share electrons . Compounds consist of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. A chemical formula a mathematical model that displays the number of atoms of each element that form a chemical compound (e.g., H2O2, C6H12O6) . Compounds can be classified as ionic or covalent based on the type of chemical bonds they contain. When a metallic element reacts with a non-metallic element, their atoms gain and lose electrons respectively, forming ionic bonds. Generally, when two nonmetals react, atoms share electrons, forming covalent (molecular) bonds . Chemical Equations - Conservation of Matter A chemical equation represents the changes that take place in a chemical reaction. The chemical formulas of the reactants are written on the left, an arrow indicates a change to new substances, and the chemical formulas of the products are written on the right . The law of conservation of matter (mass) states that regardless of how substances within a closed system are changed, the total mass remains the same . You should know the following terms and/or concepts ionic vs covalent bonding whether an ionic or covalent bond will form when main group metals and non-metals are chemically combined the reactants and products in a given chemical equation the law of conservation of matter is used to balance simple chemical equations

SOL PS.3 Properties of matter - 2018 Standards

Pure substances can be identified by their chemical and physical properties
Pure substances can undergo physical and chemical changes that may result in a change of properties
Compounds form through ionic and covalent bonding
Balanced chemical equations model the conservation of matter

Matter

Matter consists of atoms held together by electromagnetic forces.
- Matter exists as different substances which can be utilized based on their properties.
- Different substances with different properties are suited to different uses.

Physical Properties

Matter exists in different physical states (phases) as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma .

Measurements of a variety of properties can be used to identify matter .
Physical properties of matter include
- temperature
- state
- color
- hardness
- texture
- odor
- mass
- volume
- density (mass/volume)
- conductivity
- luster (does it reflect light)
- malleability (can it be shaped by rolling or pounding)
- solubility (will it dissolve)
- melting point
- boiling point

Density represents the relationship between the mass of the substance and its volume .

Some physical properties, such as density, melting point, and boiling point are characteristic of a pure substance and do not depend on the size of the sample.
- These physical properties can be used to identify unknown pure substances (i.e., matter that consists only of one type of atom, molecule, or compound).

Chemical Properties

Chemical properties of matter include
- reactivity,
- combustibility (materials that ignite at high temperatures),
- flammability (materials that ignite at normal temperature),
- acidity/basicity

Physical Changes

No new substances are created during a physical change, although matter may take a different form.

The size, shape, state, and color of matter may be modified.
Examples of physical changes include (but are not limited to)
- ice cream melting,
- a diamond forming from carbon, and
- salt dissolving in water .
Mixtures consist of two or more substances; however, the substances are not chemically combined.
They can be separated by physical means.

Chemical Changes

Attraction and repulsion among electric charges at the atomic level explains the structure, properties, and transformations of matter.
Elements combine in many ways to produce compounds that make up all other substances on Earth .
Chemical changes include a rearrangement of the atoms of one or more substances, leading to the formation of at least one new substance with different chemical properties.
Examples of chemical changes include (but are not limited to)
- rust forming on an iron nail
- burning wood
- cooking an egg.
Chemical changes involve the breaking and making of chemical bonds.
If the total energy required to break bonds in the reactants is more than the total energy released when new bonds are formed in the products, the reaction is endothermic.
If the total energy required to break bonds in the reactants is less than the total energy released when new bonds are formed in the products, the reaction is exothermic.

You should know the following terms and/or concepts

physical properties vs chemical properties
how to calculate densities of substances
pure substances based on its physical and/or chemical properties
a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy (endothermic) vs one that releases energy (exothermic)
elements, compounds, and mixtures
how to separate a mixture

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

To become chemically stable, the atoms of elements gain, lose, or share electrons .
Compounds consist of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

A chemical formula a mathematical model that displays the number of atoms of each element that form a chemical compound (e.g., H2O2, C6H12O6) .
Compounds can be classified as ionic or covalent based on the type of chemical bonds they contain.
- When a metallic element reacts with a non-metallic element, their atoms gain and lose electrons respectively, forming ionic bonds.
- Generally, when two nonmetals react, atoms share electrons, forming covalent (molecular) bonds .

Chemical Equations - Conservation of Matter

A chemical equation represents the changes that take place in a chemical reaction.

The chemical formulas of the reactants are written on the left, an arrow indicates a change to new substances, and the chemical formulas of the products are written on the right .
The law of conservation of matter (mass) states that regardless of how substances within a closed system are changed, the total mass remains the same .

You should know the following terms and/or concepts

ionic vs covalent bonding
whether an ionic or covalent bond will form when main group metals and non-metals are chemically combined
the reactants and products in a given chemical equation
the law of conservation of matter is used to balance simple chemical equations